JBO'C's Historical Reference |
The Oghuz Turkmen |
The Oghuz TurkmenThe Oghuz originated in the Tien Shan Mountains where Kyrgyzstan, southeast Kazakhstan and China come together. Oghuz histories point to an origin neat lake issyk-Kul. But by the early 9th century the Oghuz were raiding the border border of Khorasan. The 24 tribes of the Oghuz: Kinik, Kayi, Bayundur, Yiva, Salir (Salor), Avsar (Afshar), Bekdili, Bekdüz, Bayat, Yazir, Eymûr, Kara-Bulak, Alka-Bulak, Igdir, Yüregir, Tutirka, Alayontlu, Döger, Çepni, Peçenek, Çavuldur (Chodor), Çaruk. they constituted a Principality based in Yengi-kent on the lower Syr Darya The Oghuz Yabghu and Russian Prince Svyatoslav united to defeat the Khazar in 965. The new Oghuz capital, the town of Yengi-kent,
was built in the regions which they had conquered, on the
lower Syr Darya.2 The historical traditions of the ...
Page 63 History of Civilizations of Central AsiaBy Vadim Mikhailovich Masson, Ahmad Hasan Dani, Unesco, János Harmatta, Boris Abramovich Litvinovskii, Clifford Edmund Bosworth ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ According to the historian Mahmud Kashgari the elite tribe of the Oghuz were the Kinik. Seljuk and his father were of the Qiniq and served the Yabghu (Turkmen King). Yengi-kent was the winter capital of the Oghuz Seljuk converted to Islam in the last decade of the tenth century 990 - 1000. 1042 The Seljuk drove the Oghuz out of Khwarezem ending the Seljuk Oghuz conflict. Shah Malik was the last Yabghu of the Oghuz and the loss at Kwarezm broke the Oghuz confederatio. The Cambridge History of IranBy William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch Rene Grousette Kimaks, Kipchaks Khirghiz JBOC Issyk-Kul Oghuz The Turkmen up to the Modern Era The Oghuz originated among the Turkic people in the Tien Shan Mountains where Kyrgyzstan, southeast Kazakhstan and China come together. There is Linguistic evidence to show that they were related to the Kimaks, Kipchaks, and Kirghiz peoples. Some accounts suggest that the Turkmen are descended from the Massagetae and Alani Scythian tribes but I dispute that on he basis of new evidence. If the Turkmen were descended from the Scythian people we would expect then to fall into the haplogroup R1 in subclade R1A1 but instead we see that there is very little incidence of R1A1 but high incidences of R1 with subclade D4C. This bears out exactly the Oghuz histories that point to an origin neat Lake Issyk-Kul. Linguistically and genetically the Oghuz are Turks of te Altaic group. By the early 9th century the Oghuz had moved to the area west of the Aral sea and were raiding as far as the border of Khorasan. But by the tenth century the Oghuz constituted a Principality based in Yengi-kent on the lower Syr Darya near its mouth at the Aral sea. The Oghuz were a confederation of tribes that were tied by oath and treaty to the Yagbhu of the Kinik (or Qiniq) Tribe. While the Yagbhu was the ruler so to speak his control waxed and waned over the full extent of the confederation. The 24 tribes of the Oghuz were the Kinik, Kayi, Bayundur, Yiva, Salir (Salor), Avsar (Afshar), Bekdili, Bekdüz, Bayat, Yazir, Eymûr (Imreli), Kara-Bulak, Alka-Bulak, Igdir, Yüregir, Tutirka, Alayontlu, Döger, Çepni, Peçenek, Çavuldur (Chodor), Çaruk. One could consider the Oghuz a principality but not truly a sovereign kingdom in that they tended to cooperate with which ever of its greater neighbors were in ascendancy and could either help or compel them. They even worked with the Rus. The Oghuz Yabghu and Russian Prince Svyatoslav united to defeat the Khazar in 965. Let us not however minimize their impact since the Oghuz controlled an area well east of the Aral sea west to the lower Volga river and south to Khorasan. The Oghuz began to settle and cities such as Yengi-kent and Djand (Yand) gained significance. This created a dichotomy in the confederation between the settled Oghuz and the herders. This resulted in punitive measures by the Yagbhu and his allies to maintain both control and tax revenue from the less settled parts of the Oghuz confederation. For many years the Yagbhu was able to keep things under control and reign in his recalcitrant tribes people when necessary. Finally late in the tenth century Duqaq Timuryaligh and his son Seljuk of the Kinik tribe split with the Yagbhu and left the Oghuz. Duqaq and his son Seljuk started as virtually bandits existing where they could graze their herds and raiding to make ends meet. Seljuk was able to build a following when he discovered Islam. This gave him the impetus to grow his following exponentially. By using Islam as a unifying factor the Seljuk declared religious warfare in the form of raids against the Oghuz. the success of the raids pulled an increasing number of tribes over to the Seljuk. The Oghuz were considered Pagan until the middle twelfth century although the Yagbhu appears to have converted in the opening years of the 12th century. Pushed out of their lands that spanned the Volga river to the Syr Darya the Oghuz moved south under the protection of the Ghaznevid Sultan Mas'ud (1031-1041) By 1038 the Seljuk began to move south against their enemy the Oghuz and take land claimed by Sultan Mas'ud. To stop the Seljuk and reinforce his hold on Khwarezm Sultan Mas'ud named Shah Malik Khwarezm Shah in 1041. In 1042 the Seljuk Khan Togrül and his brother Chaghri drove the Ghaznevids and their Oghuz allies out of Khwarezm ending the Seljuk Oghuz conflict. Shah Malik was the last Yabghu of the Oghuz and the loss at Khwarezm broke the Oghuz confederation. Shah Malik fled south where he was killed and the remnants of the Oghuz pushed into the Mangyshlak Peninsula where the Salor forged a new confederation which is the basis of the Turkmen people of today. Nokhurli, Anauli, Khasarli, Nerezim, Yomud, Teke (Tekke), Goklen, Salyr, Saryq, Esari, Cawdur (Chodor) The Salor Confederation came under increasing pressure in the 16th century with incursions by the Mangit people from the north. The Confederation held until the 17th century when the Kalmuk pushed down far in enough into the Mangyshlak Peninsula to disrupt trade. Faced with military incursions and an increased desiccation on the peninsula the tribes began to pull back to the east and southeast. This destabilized the Salor Confederation allowing two parts of the Salor. the Saryk and then the Tekke to revolt and end the salor as a confederation. Thus beginning the modern Turkmen era. From THE TURKMEN UP TO THE MODERN ERA By Barry O'Connell The Turkmen up to the Modern Era The Oghuz began to settle and cities such as
Yengi-kent and Djand (Yand) gained significance. This
created a dichotomy in the confederation between the
settled Oghuz and the herders. This resulted in punitive
measures by the Yagbhu and his allies to maintain both
control and tax revenue from the less settled parts of
the Oghuz confederation. For many years the Yagbhu was
able to keep things under control and reign in his
recalcitrant tribal people when necessary. Finally late
in the tenth century Duqaq Timuryaligh and his son Seljuk of the Kinik tribe split
with the Yagbhu and left the Oghuz. Duqaq and his son Seljuk started as virtually bandits
existing where they could graze their herds and by
raiding to make ends meet. |
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